Mental Models

Mental Models are a powerful way to describe what is going on inside user’s brains. It gives us more cues about how they perceive certain things so we can empathize with their experiences [1]. Viable cues concerning mental models can be identified via different methods. A popular one is card sorting, it is especially relevant for challenges concerning information architecture. Furthermore, we can get a better understanding of user’s processes by observing how they interact and act in their current environment. Specifically in the grocery and retail context so called “PLU-lists” are a major artifact.

PLU-List

Every customer of a supermarket has already been exposed to this code – wether they know it or not. A PLU number is an international code, that defines products like fruits and vegetables. The PLU code for a banana typically begins with the number 4. Additional information, like country of origin of the product can also be identified through this code. Sometimes employees know this number, or at least specific selected numbers, by heart. In case they have to look it up, they have to take a look at a list – this is also where the name stems from: PLU stands for price-look-up code. [2]

Possibilities for informal user research with high value and impact

I’m aware this might be a bold move, but I believe that a lot of online forums, especially via reddit, can be an interesting way to observe user’s and customer’s behaviour. This works for both – in a market research as well as a design related user research way. While this is obviously an informal way of researching something, I strongly believe it is of high value. It gives you first hand impressions of customers, and possibly even employees.

Subreddit “Target”

Down below I have found a picture, this is an example from Target that I found via Reddit. It was attached to a post, where an employee reached out to the forum in the r/Target subreddit, because they were curious about which codes are popular and commonly used.

Source: Reddit | r/Target | User: csrlrnz

Subreddit “schei**aufnbilla”

While this subreddit has a rather extrem title, it definitely opens a new horizon concerning honest opinions of angry customer’s.

Reviews

In contrast to reddit google reviews covers a larger range of customers. Clicking through various stores on google maps quickly gives you a good overview of different challenges customers and sometimes even employees face. This works efficiently via google maps, because they also give you options to filter the different reviews (e.g. by keywords)

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Sources

[1]

M. Chan, “Mental Models and User Experience Design,” Nielsen Norman Group, Jan. 26, 2024. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/mental-models/

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[2]

Bayerischer Rundfunk, “Lebensmittel Code entschlüsseln: Was bedeutet der PLU-Code auf Lebensmitteln?,” Www.br.de, Mar. 11, 2024. https://www.br.de/radio/bayern1/lebensmittel-code-entschluesseln-100.html (accessed Jan. 30, 2026).

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While fonts and color choices are important to take into account, service design puts process and problems into deeper perspectives. Requirements and processes are strategically challenged, to align with business values. Therefore, the problem definition in service design outlines the user experience as well as other perspectives and puts employees, customers and other counterparts into relation.

In a supermarket this means all things from the back office and warehouse to the retail space as well as the cash registers have to be considered.

A powerful tool within the practice of service design is the so called Service Blueprint. I personally would describe a service design map as an extension of a user journey map. The fronst stage processes (1) describe all the steps that the customers can directly observe (e.g. scanning of articles). Back stage actions (2) highlight how the fronst stage steps are interfering and how they relate to what’s happening out of the customer’s sight. The line of invisibility (3) visually divides these two perspectives. Another mentionable part of a service blueprints are so called artifacts (4), also known as physical evidences (e.g. a receipt).

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[1]

M. Stickdorn, A. Lawrence, M. Hormess, and J. Schneider, This is service design doing, applying service design thinking in the real world: a practitioners’ handbook. Sebastopol Oreilly & Associates Inc, 2018.

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While the last few blog entries were focused on supermarkets and the overall topic of cash registers this time I would like to once again talk about the other aspect of my research topic: How to balance design ideas with IT and business goals.

What is agile?

One focal point I would like to discuss today is agile management. Agile is the opposite of the waterfall method. In waterfall requirements are defined and the design happens before the development of any code. As the term waterfall already promotes: there’s no going back. Once the requirements are set there’s no possibility of exploring new ones. However, especially in the human centered context new pain points of a product could be discovered in various stages of the research and design process. In contrast agile makes early involvement with the dev team possible. Small teams are working on a project and the objectives are being discussed in smaller steps and iterated within so called Design Sprints. [1]

Jira

A major tool teams are using to enable agile work and collaboration is Jira, developed by Atlassian. This tool has a wide range of possibilities. For the sake of this blog entry I will keep it short and simple and outline how one specific aspect within Jira works: User Stories.[2]

Structure of a user story

As a [function of the person] I want to [goal/perform an action] so that [benefit/value]

Example:

As the design team, we want to create a prototype for the MVP supermarketchain #1 so that we can gather feedback from potential users.

A user story consists of a simple statements that outlines the goals to be reached – It has to be mentioned that user stories are the smallest unit of work within a sprint.

From Initiative to Epics to User Stories

The largest units are initiatives, these represent the overall goals over a long time span. Initiatives are commonly defined over periods such as a year. Epics are the next smaller unit and usually define the goals for quarter of a year.

Personals thoughts

According to Jon Yablonski, who looks at different psychological practices from a designers point of view, users can easier digest information once it’s broken down into smaller “chunks”, as he calls them.[3] If we keep this in mind I think that managing tasks via user stories is a powerful tool to keep everyone in a project team focused on their tasks.

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Sources

[1]

E. Kavlakoglu, “Agile vs. Waterfall: What’s the Difference? | IBM,” www.ibm.com, Jul. 25, 2024. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/agile-vs-waterfall

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[2]

M. Rehkopf, “User Stories,” Atlassian, 2019. https://www.atlassian.com/agile/project-management/user-stories

[3]

J. Yablonski, “Chunking | Laws of UX,” Laws of UX, 2024. https://lawsofux.com/chunking/

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I kenn mi net aus mit der Neumodischen Einkauferei – S’verwirrt mich, man kann niemanden was fragen. Ollas muss man erst studieren.

(ORF, 1962)

Translated: “I’m overwhelmed with this modern way of shopping. It confuses me, there’s nobody I can confront with my questions. I have to study everything [all the products]”

https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=531496385902554

In my last Blog post I discussed the topic of interaction and communication of customers and employees in the supermarket. With WHY do people still appreciate it (e.g. at the “Feinkosttheke”) to have this personal interaction? as my focal research question, I wanted to get a better grasp of my ux research goals.

As recommended by Jakob Nielsen [2] I started out by formulating hypothesis. To keep these as lean as possible I based them on my loose observations in various supermarkets and a few insights I got from informal desktop researches. Additionally, after scanning a paper that empirically analyses consumer’s perception in supermarkets [3] I got a better grasp of the key challenges I would like to objectify.

Hypothesis

1. Personal communication between staff is still of high value. However there are differences based on demographic and sociographic characteristics of the customers.
2. Customers prefer large retail spaces in supermarkets because they value a huge variety of product offers
3. When doing home and grocery shopping customers prefer doing so in store, however alternative options (e.g. delivery or click and collect) are starting to cross consumer’s minds as well.
4. The more products a customer wants to purchase in the store the less likely they are to use self checkout.
5. People in a rush with only a few items are more likely to use self checkout.
6. Self checkout proves more successful in an urban landscape compared to rural or suburban areas.
7. Customers view time efficiency as a benefit when using self checkout.
8. In case of a crowded checkout queue customers are more willing to queue up for self checkout instead.
9. Customers are afraid to lack expertise when using Self Checkout

Currently I have these nine hypothesis. However, I am planing on expanding and adapting them if possible and if necessary.

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References:

[1]

“69K views · 613 reactions | Selbstbedienung und Warenvielfalt – in Europa gibt es Supermärkte erst seit den 1950er Jahren. 1962 war der ‘Supermarket’ in Österreich noch etwas Neues. (Telejournal, 1962)

Aktuelle Informationen für Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten gibt es in ‘konkret’ von Montag bis Donnerstag um 18.30 Uhr auf ORF ON (on.ORF.at) & in ORF 2.

#ORFarchiv #abgestaubt #ORFfüralle #ORFON #ORF2 | ORF,” Facebook.com, 2026. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=531496385902554 (accessed Jan. 06, 2026).

[2]

W. L. in R.-B. U. Experience, “Understanding Statistical Significance,” Nielsen Norman Group. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/understanding-statistical-significance/

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[3]

Soundarraj, Prem & Kumar, K Kiran. (2025). An Empirical Analysis of Consumer Perception towards Supermarket and Online Shopping. European Economics Letters. 15. 2908-2918.

Supermarkets are objects of our everyday lives. They are so invisible almost, that we take them for granted and don’t think about them much, other than doing a quick google search on where the nearest supermarket is. I want to avoid the mistake of skipping the basic and most vital step for my research: putting everything in a bigger picture. To proceed so, I would like to gain a better overview and understanding of supermarkets. In order to do so, I did a quick and informal desktop research on the history of supermarkets. While I still remember the basics (e.g. 1930s USA) from my middle schools geography and economics class I want to get settled on some more details.

History

Thus I watched a TV documentary, followed by a discussion with a business economist. I also took a quick dive into the current status quo of the supermarket business in Germany and Austria and will also share some personal perspectives at the end of the blog post.

As already mentioned, the concept kicked off in the US in the 30s, in a store called King Kullen. A german pilot store opened in the year 1938 in Northern Germany’s town of Osnabrück. According to the researcher Lydia Langer the main pain points that held business people back from opening supermarkets themselves was, that they were afraid A) there will be less one on one interaction with customers and B) customers might steal products in self service stores.

Source: King Kullen

In the early 1950s Germany counts almost 40 stores that have adapted the self service concept. A milestone was reached a few years later when the first supermarket with a retail space of 1700 m2 opened to the public in North Rhine-Westphalia. The landscape of self service grocery shopping drastically changed in the 60s when the Albrecht brothers decided to give it a twist by introducing discounters. They identified high prices as a focal pain point for a lot of customers. By removing certain parts of the typical floor layout – e.g. the meat counter – and by sacrificing the aesthetic of the stores they opened up more possibilities for consumers. The documentary is followed by a discussion with the hosts of a talk show and the business economist where they discuss how the conventional supermarkets managed to backfire – e.g. by also introducing store owned brands. [1]

The fact that a retail space of 1700m2 was noted as revolutionary in the 1950s raised my attention and I got curious about nowadays conventions. For example, a hypermarket store like “INTERSPAR” commonly has something between 2500m2 and 5000m2. [2]

Personal Thoughts

As already mentioned, supermarkets are part of our everyday lives. Having everything in one place is convenient, but can also have downsides. The more products you can find in the store the more space the store requires. According to business economist Alexander Hennig supermarkets first peaked in the 70s when they would be located rather remotely for example in industrial areas of cities. During this time, people also changed their car driving habits. Today however, smaller supermarkets are becoming more and more attracting to customers, especially for those who live in cities and view a supermarket within walking distance as a necessity. [1]

Corporations like Kaufland are aware, that their stores are a focal point of people’s modern lives. In some stores they are currently testing so called “Medical Rooms” to make for example blood sampling possible on spot when grocery shopping [3]. From a personal standpoint however I will admit that I am skeptical towards these plans of the Schwarz-Gruppe. First of all, I fear that the company is rather interested in the profit they might retrieve from this concept, and that these medical check up spots will lack quality instead. Furthermore I am concerned about how this will influence the reduction of so called third spaces.

Why am I mentioning third spaces? As was already pointed out above, supermarkets are places of interaction. This raises the question: WHY do people still appreciate it (e.g. at the “Feinkosttheke”) to have this personal interaction? Düshorn, a village between Hannover and Bremen, has a non-capitalistic approach to grocery shopping. The so called “Dorfladen” in Dushorn originally started out as a compromise to find a solution for the post office, the local bakery and the Sparkasse. It is being operated as a non-profit association (”Genossenschaft”) by residents of the village. On top of buying groceries the aprox. 2.500 people living in Dushorn view the Dorfladen as a possibility to interact and catch up with others.

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References

[1]

M. Janning, “Der Supermarkt – Erfolgsmodell unter Druck,” WDR Nachrichten, Dec. 20, 2022. https://www1.wdr.de/mediathek/video-der-supermarkt–erfolgsmodell-unter-druck-100.html (accessed Jan. 05, 2026).

[2]

copyrightInfo, “EUROSPAR, INTERSPAR & Co» Geschäftstypen | SPAR Österreich,” Spar.at, 2024. https://www.spar.at/unternehmen/geschaeftstypen

[3]

APOTHEKE ADHOC, “Telemedizin: „Medical Room“ im Kaufland | APOTHEKE ADHOC,” APOTHEKE ADHOC, Nov. 07, 2025. https://www.apotheke-adhoc.de/nachrichten/detail/markt/telemedizin-medical-room-im-kaufland/# (accessed Jan. 05, 2026).

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This week I have come across a paper by Christina C. Mendat and Christopher B. Mayhorn [1] from the North Carolina State University outlining Human Factors as well as ergonomics in terms of self-checkout registers. Even though the entry discusses the topic within 3 simple pages only I could get more insights and tangible data on the topic that opened new possibilities and perspectives to me. With that being said, I would like to mention that the paper was published in 2007. I’m aware that this was almost twenty years ago. Needless to say, it has to be noted that Self-Checkout Registers gained popularity in American supermarkets, a long time before they did so in Austria.

The most surprising fact that I found out comes from a historic point of view. It turns out that libraries were the first enabler for what we are now referring to as self-checkout registers. It allowed librarians to focus more on e.g. reorganizing the bookshelves instead of making sure the counters are frequently occupied.

Furthermore, the paper discusses the top issues related to self-checkout cash registers, uncovered through a survey. The top two issues are:

• Barcodes and scanning: certain products are more difficult to scan than other products*
• Chain reactions: a lot of the participants mentioned that they have experienced slower customers in front of them, which resulted in them having to wait longer.

*simply judging from what I’ve seen in my personal daily life, there has been a lot of improvement on this topic. Let alone the fact, that certain stores nowadays are known for being so fast, you might not be able to catch up with putting the purchased items into your shopping bag. I’m interested

Planning a research plan & focus groups

While these issues, that have already been uncovered, are of course of relevance, my goal is to uncover more insights, specific to Austrian supermarkets and costumers.

I’m planning on doing first observations in different supermarkets. With the Christmas holidays ahead though, I fear that this might not be as easy, as the stores are sometimes packed to the limit.

Furthermore, I will be using the informal gatherings with friends and family during the holidays to open conversations concerning cash registers. I might already conduct a first survey or focus group (at least to test the first draft of questions).

A few thoughts on accessibility

Additionally, I am planning on having a discussion about this topic with an ambulatory wheelchair user to get a first grasp of her challenges.

Outline of the first research questions/goals:

• What are the biggest obstacles when using a self-checkout register in a supermarket? How does it differentiate between different supermarket chains?
• What needs to be considered in terms of accessibility? What’s the general experience of wheelchair users in a supermarket?
• Did the process of paying via the self-checkout register ever take longer than paying via the typical checkout lane. if yes: how did this inconvenience happen?
• Technology of Scanning **

** this topic is simply interesting for general purposes

References

[1] Mendat, Christina & Mayhorn, Christopher. (2007). An Evaluation of Self-Checkout Systems. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 51. 1011-1014. 10.1177/154193120705101703.