In books it is a common occurrence to read about the thoughts of a character. They themselves describe from their perspective how they feel and how they experience the story. In movies and series, it is less common. For the most part thoughts and feelings are conveyed through the characters facial expression in combination with music, sound design and the overall cinematography. What other ways are there to explore the inner world of a character?
Voiceover
The closest way to portray thoughts is a voiceover. Here the characters speak directly to the viewers and tell them in an inner monologue how they feel. There are two common ways this is used. One way is with the help of a narrator. For example, “How I met your mother” has the premise of Ted telling his kids about his past. He therefore plays two roles at the same time. The viewers don’t get the thoughts of the young Ted directly. They are being told the reflection of his past actions through his narrator self. Sometimes the narrator will contradict the young self and criticising his past actions.
A different approach is a live commentary. In “You” the viewer is following Joe, a book seller and as it turns out a stalker. The viewers hear all his justifications for his awful actions. One of the main female characters Beck is only really ever seen through his eyes and descriptions. There are a few scenes just following her, but the influence Joe’s description and portrayal of Beck is undeniable. Separating what he thinks, what is happening and what the actual story is, is challenging. Joe also feels more charming and charismatic as long as one hears his inner voice and thoughts. Meanwhile other characters react disturbed and confused towards him. After all he barley talks to people other than himself and the viewers. In this case the inner monologue is used to create some sympathy for an otherwise unlikable character.
Another series using inner monologue is for example “Scrubs”. They use it for the main character JD in a humorous way. In addition, the creators combined it with another way to show JDs inner thoughts.
Show don’t tell
A voiceover can sometimes be too much, especially if the narrator is unreliable like Joe. A different approach is to show the thoughts directly. While in Scrubs JD is sometimes narrating his thoughts, he tends to fantasise a lot. It is indicated with a white flash from reality to fantasy and back. In the fantasy itself the scenes are not narrated, rather everything is shown. With the white flashes between there is a clear cut between reality and thoughts. If there is no such visual aid, it is unclear whether something is supposed to be only in the head of the character. This can be used to shock viewers like in “Stranger Things” season 3 when Billy struggles to separate reality from thoughts. In his head he attacks Karen while he is spacing out. With a cut back to Karen save and unharmed the fantasy gets resolved and his instable mental state is shown.
Art style changes
For a clear cut between thoughts and reality a style change might be applied. In “Lizzie MCGuire” there are multiple techniques combined to show the main characters thoughts. With a cut to a cartoon Lizzie, she talks about everything going through her head. It is clear that no one else can see the cartoon character and only Lizzie imagines them.

Another example for a style change can happen when the characters talk about their backstories and what happened to them. Rather then only letting them talk, the viewers get to see the story unfolding before their eyes. In “To be hero X” this happens multiple times in the first few episodes alone. Similar to thinking back, an art style change may be applied while talking about future plans. In “Emperor’s new groove” the art style switches to simplified red silhouettes while Ysma talks and imagines her evil plan.

Special Effects
A less harsh cut between fantasy or thoughts and reality can be achieved with special effects. Whenever Jinx from “Arcane” is in an unstable mental health state colourful sharp lines appear, blurring into her reality. In “Scott Pilgrim vs. the world” Scott imagines the world like a comic book. Therefore, it is no surprise that special effects like from on of the books are shown.
A slight problematic example for the usage of special effects is the stereotypic depiction of an attractive woman appearing. She appears to glow, and her hair blows perfectly in the wind.
There is a wide range of possibilities to include the inner thoughts and feelings of a character. From subtle light changes to letting them talk directly to the audience.
















